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570 Jan 19 |
Mohammed (d.632), "The Prophet", founder of Islam and speaker in the “Koran,” was born into the Quraysh tribe in Makkah. He was orphaned at an early age and found work in a trade caravan. He married a wealthy widow and this gave him the freedom to visit Mount Hira each year to think. His birthday is observed on the 12th day of Rabi ul'Awwal, the 3rd month of the lunar calendar, in a festival known as Mawlid-al-Nabi. The Koran was probably not fixed for the 1st two centuries after the emergence of Islam. Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam 
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620 Aug 22 |
This day corresponds to the 27th day of Rajab, 1427, in the Islamic calendar. It commemorates to the night flight of Muhammad on the winged horse Buraq to the farthest mosque, usually identified with Jerusalem, and then to heaven and back. Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam
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622 |
The Constitution of Medina was drafted by the Islamic prophet Muhammad about this time. It constituted a formal agreement between Muhammad and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as Medina), including Muslims, Jews, and pagans. Links: Jews, Saudi Arabia, Islam
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624 628 |
Several Jewish clans in the Arabian peninsula joined forces with an Arab tribe, the Quraysh, to make war on a renegade Qurayshi named Mohammad, who claimed he was a prophet of God. Links: Israel, Jews, Saudi Arabia, Arab, Islam
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632 Jun 8 |
Mohammed, the founder of Islam and unifier of Arabia, died. Iqra, which means read in Arabic, was reportedly the first word that the archangel Gabriel spoke to Mohammed. His companions compiled his words and deeds in a work called the Sunna. Here are contained the rules for Islam. The most basic are The Five Pillars of Islam. These are: 1) profession of faith 2) daily prayer 3) giving alms 4) ritual fast during Ramadan 5) Hajj, the pilgrimage to Mecca. The Sunna also calls for “jihad.” The term means struggle, i.e. to do one’s best to resist temptation and overcome evil. Four contenders stood out to succeed Mohammad. They were Abu Bakr, his trusted father-in-law. Umar and Uthman, long-time friends and advisers, and Ali, a cousin and blood relative. Ali was Mohammad’s son-in-law and the father of Mohammad’s grandsons. Abu Bakr was chosen as caliph i.e. successor. In 2001 Minou Reeves, Iranian-born scholar, authored “Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making.” In 2013 Lesley Hazleton authored “The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad.” Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam, Biography
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632 661 |
The Rashidun Caliphate, also known as the Rightly Guided Caliphate, comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death. At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia in the east. It was the one of the largest empires in history up until that time. Links: Azerbaijan, Qatar, Armenia, Iraq, Turkey, UAE, Pakistan, Cyprus, Libya, Iran, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Sudan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Afghan, Tunisia, Islam
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635 |
The Byzantine city of Tiberius, a major center of Jewish life and scholarship for nearly five centuries, was conquered by Muslim armies. Links: Byzantium, Islam
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636 Nov |
The Siege of Jerusalem began as part of a military conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate. It began when the Rashidun army, under the command of Abu Ubaidah, besieged Jerusalem. After six months, the Patriarch Sophronius agreed to surrender, on condition that he submit only to the Caliph. In April 637, Caliph Umar traveled to Jerusalem in person to receive the submission of the city. The Patriarch thus surrendered to him. Links: Byzantium, Israel, Palestine, Islam
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636 638 |
As Muslims conquered the Holy Land St. Sophronius (560-638), the patriarch of Jerusalem, sent Pope Theodore I a wooden structure believed to be part of the manger where Jesus was born. Links: Vatican, Israel, Palestine, Islam
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637 Apr |
Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab came to Jerusalem after the conquest of Jerusalem and toured the city with Sophronius, the Patriarch of Jerusalem . Links: , Israel, Palestine, Islam
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642 May |
Khalid bin Al-Waleed (b.585), Muslim commander prominent in leading the conquest of Iraq and Syria, died in Syria. It was under his military leadership that Arabia, for the first time in history, was united under a single political entity, the Caliphate. Links: Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Islam
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644 Nov 3 |
Umar of Arabia, the 2nd Caliph of Islam, was stabbed by Abu Lulu while leading the morning prayers at Medina. He died 4 days later on Nov 7. On his deathbed Umar named a council to choose the next caliph. The council appointed Uthman. Uthman continued to expand the Muslim empire. Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam
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656 Jun 17 |
In Saudi Arabia Uthman (Othman), the 3rd caliph, was murdered in Medina. Under his rule a full, standard text of the Quran was compiled. He had appointed members of his own family as regional governors and caused bitter jealousy among other families. This caused an angry mob to murder him. This gave Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed, an opportunity to claim power. Some claim that Ali plotted Uthman’s murder. Civil war broke out. Muawija, Uthman’s cousin and governor of Syria, challenged Ali’s right to rule. In 661 Ali was murdered by an angry former supporter. The followers of Ali became known as Shiites from the Arabic meaning "the party of Ali." Those who believe that the election of the first three caliphs was valid and who claim to follow the Sunna reject the Shiite idea of the Imam, and are called the Sunnis. Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam
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661 Jan 29 |
Ali ibn Abu Talib, caliph of Islam (656-61), was murdered in Kufa, Iraq. Caliph Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, was assassinated and his followers (Shiites) broke from the majority Muslim group. A member of the anarchist sect of Kharajites assassinated Ali. This sect believed that there are no verdict’s but God’s. The Imam Ali mosque in Najaf marks the grave of Ali, the son-in-law of Mohammed and a central figure in Shiite Islam. Links: Iraq, Islam, Assassin
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680 Oct 10 |
Imam Hussein, grandson of prophet Mohammed, was beheaded. He was killed by rival Muslim forces on the Karbala plain in modern day Iraq. He then became a saint to Shiite Muslims. Traditionalists and radical guerrillas alike commemorate his martyrdom as the ceremony of Ashura. The 10-day mourning period during the holy month of Muharram commemorates the deaths of Caliph Ali’s male relatives by Sunnis from Iraq. Shiites went on to believe that new leaders should be descendants of Mohammad and Ali. Sunnis went on to vest power in a body of Muslim scholars called the ulema. Links: Iraq, Persia, Islam
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691 |
Muslims built the Dome of the Rock mosque in Jerusalem. It contained inscriptions that later were held as the 1st evidence of the Koran. Links: Israel, Palestine, Architect, Islam
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700 900 |
The Hadith, the main guide for Muslims in interpreting the Koran, were evaluated and gathered into large collections mostly during the reign of Umar ibn AbdulAziz during the 8th and 9th centuries. Links: Azerbaijan, Qatar, Armenia, Iraq, Turkey, UAE, Pakistan, Cyprus, Libya, Iran, Egypt, Israel, Palestine, Syria, Sudan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, Afghan, Tunisia, Islam
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741 |
The Arab slave trade was one of the elements that sparked the great Berber rebellion in North Africa and Islamic Spain (http://tinyurl.com/2zrltp). Links: Berbers, Spain, Islam
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748 |
Wasil ibn Ata, Muslim theologian and jurist, died. He had left the teaching lessons of Hasan al-Basri after a theological dispute regarding the issue of Al-Manzilah bayna al-Manzilatayn. He and his followers, including Amr ibn Ubayd (d.761), were labeled Mu'tazili. The adherents of the Mu'tazili school (Mutazilites) are best known for their having asserted that, because of the perfect unity and eternal nature of God, the Qur'an must therefore have been created, as it could not be co-eternal with God. Mutazilites stressed human reason. Links: Persia, God, Islam
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776 |
Al-Jahiz (d.868), Muslim theologian and scholar, was born in Basra about this time. He is credited with writing nearly two hundred works, although fewer than one hundred survive today. His most famous work is Al-Hayawan” (The Book of animals), which merges discussions of zoology with philosophy. Links: Babylon, Iraq, Persia, Animal, Islam
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784 |
The Emir 'Abd al-Rahman I purchased the christian half of a Catholic church built by the Visigoths, which had been shared following the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711. He then destroyed the church and built the Great Mosque of Cordoba. In 1236 it was reverted to a Catholic church as the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption. Links: Spain, Visigoths, Islam, Religion
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791 |
In Morocco Idriss I (b.745), a descendant of the Prophet Mohammed, was laid to rest in Moulay Driss Zerhoun. The Sufi saint founded Morocco's first Islamic dynasty. Links: Morocco, Islam, Saint
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809 Mar 24 |
Harun al-Rashid (Arabic for The Rightly Guided), caliph of the Abbasid empire (786-809), died at age 44. His reign is immortalized in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights. His work included the construction of a House of Wisdom in Baghdad. Links: Iran, Persia, Islam
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818 |
Imam Reza, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, died. Shiites later believed that he was fed poisonous grapes by a Sunni leader of the Muslim world. Reza was buried in Sanabad, which later became known as Mashad, “place of martyrdom.” A major shrine grew at the site and by 2007 the Imam Reza Shrine Foundation was the largest (bonyad) in Iran and accounted for 7.1% of the country’s GDP. Links: Iran, Persia, Islam
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819 |
In northern Afghanistan most of the recently built Noh Gonbad (Nine Domes) mosque collapsed following an earthquake. It was later believed to have been built on the remains of a Buddhist monastery. Another earthquake a hundred years later hit the outer walls and most of the 15 arches. Links: Earthquake, Afghan, Islam
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855 |
Ahmad ibn Hanbal (b.780), Muslim scholar, died in Iraq. He is considered the founder of the 4th school of Sunni Islam. The four schools of Sunni Islam include: a) The Hanafi school, named after Imam Abu Hanifa, predominates in the territories formerly under the Ottoman Empire and in Muslim India and Pakistan; it relies heavily on consensus and analogical reasoning in addition to the Quran and sunna. B) The Maliki school, named after Malik ibn Anas, is dominant in upper Egypt and West Africa; developed in Medina, it emphasizes use of hadith (sayings or acts) that were current in the Prophet's city. C) The school of Muhammad ibn Idris ash Shafii, prevailing in Indonesia, stresses reasoning by analogy. D) The fourth legal school is that of Ahmad ibn Hanbal, which is the school adhered to in Saudi Arabia. Links: Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Islam
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859 |
Fatima al-Fihri of Tunisia founded the Qarawiyyin mosque and madrasa in Fez, Morocco. The mosque was expanded in the 10th century to become a university containing one of the world’s oldest libraries. It was incorporated into Morocco's modern state university system in 1963. Links: Morocco, Tunisia, Islam, Education
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868 |
The 10th imam, Ali al-Hadi, died. His remains were placed in the Askariya shrine in Samarra (Persia-Iraq). Links: Iraq, Persia, Islam
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874 |
The 11th imam, Hassan al-Askari, son of Ali al-Hadi, died. His remains were also placed in the Askariya shrine in Samarra (Persia-Iraq). Hassan al-Askari was the father of Al-Mahdi, the hidden imam. Al Mahdi, the 12th imam, disappeared in 941. Links: Iraq, Persia, Islam
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889 |
Ibn Qutayba (b.828), a renowned Islamic scholar from Kufa, Iraq, died. Links: Iraq, Persia, Islam
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936 |
Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (b.1874), Muslim theologian, died. He had become a pupil of the great Mutazalite teacher al-Jubba'i (d.915), and himself remained a Mutazalite until his fortieth year. Disciples of his school are known as Asharites. It held that complete comprehension of the unique nature and attributes of God is beyond the capacity of human reasoning and sense experience. Links: Persia, God, Islam
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941 |
The 12th imam, Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Mahdi (b.1869), disappeared. He is believed by Twelver Shi‘a Muslims to be the Mahdi, an ultimate savior of humankind and the final Imam of the Twelve Imams who will emerge with Isa (Jesus Christ) in order to fulfill their mission of bringing peace and justice to the world. Links: Persia, Islam
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970 |
In Egypt the al-Azhar madrassa was founded. It was founded as mosque by the Fatimid commander Jawhar at the orders of the Caliph and Ismaili Imam Al-Muizz as he founded the city for Cairo. In 1961 al-Azhar attained university status. Links: Egypt, Islam
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1021 Feb 13 |
Al-Ḥākim bi-Amr Allāh, the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam (996–1021), died. He is known as the “mad caliph of Cairo.” The Fatimid Caliphate was an Ismaili Shia Islamic caliphate that spanned a large area of North Africa, from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Links: Egypt, Islam
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1058 |
Al-Ma’arri (b.973), a blind Syrian philosopher, poet and writer, died. He attacked the dogmas of religion and rejected the claim that Islam or any other religion possessed the truths they claimed. Links: Poet, Syria, Islam, Religion
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1094 |
The Islamic terrorist organization Nizari Ismailiyun, a Shiite politico-religious sect, wasfounded by Hasan-e Sabah. He and his followers captured the hill fortress of Almaut in northern Iran, which became their base of operations. Links: Iran, Islam
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1133 1193 |
Rashid Al-Din Sinan, also known as "The Old Man of the Mountain," was a leader of the Assassins. He used the Syrian Masyaf castle as a base for spreading the beliefs of the Nizari Ismaili sect of Islam to which he and his followers belonged. Links: Syria, Islam
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1141 Sep 8 |
Battle of Samarkand (Uzbekistan): Yelutashi defeated Islams. Links: Uzbekistan, Arab, Islam
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1236 Jun 29 |
In Spain Christian forces under Ferdinand III of Castile and Leon took Cordoba. The last Islamic kingdom left in Spain is that of the Berbers in Granada. Links: Spain, Islam
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1236 |
In Spain the Great Mosque of Cordoba was transformed into a cathedral after King Ferdinand III captured the city from the Moors. Links: Spain, Islam
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1250 Apr 6 |
Louis IX (1214-1270), King of France, lost the Battle of Fariskur, Egypt, and was captured by Muslim forces . Links: France, Islam
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1325 |
Ibn Battuta (20), a Muslim, left his home in Tangier to journey to Mecca. He traveled in Arabia, Asia, Africa, and Spain and recorded many exciting adventures. His travels lasted some 29 years were described in his book “The Rihla.” In 1986 Ross E. Dunn authored “The Adventures of Ibn Battuta” based on The Rihla. Links: Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Books, Islam
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1328 Sep 26 |
Taqi ad-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (b.1263), a Sunni Islamic scholar born in Harran, located in what is now Turkey, died. He lived in Damascus during the troubled times of the Mongol invasions. As a member of the school founded by Ibn Hanbal, he sought the return of Islam to its sources: the Qur'an and the Sunnah. He had adopted the notion of takfir, denouncing as apostates Muslims whom he deemed wayward, a crime punishable by death. Links: Turkey, Syria, Arab, Islam
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1371 |
Ubaid Zakani, Persian writer, died. His work included “Mush va Gorbeh” (Mouse and Cat), a match for Rebelais when it comes to mocking religion. Links: Persia, Writer, Islam, Religion
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1420 |
In Greece the Bayezid Mosque was completed in the town of Didymoticho close to the Greek-Turkish border. In 2017 a fire ripped through the Ottoman mosque causing extensive damage. Links: Greece, Islam
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1453 May 29 |
Constantinople fell to Mehmed II, ending the Byzantine Empire. The fall of the eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium, to the Ottoman Turks was led by Mehmed II. Emperor Constantine XI Dragases (49), the 95th ruler to sit on the throne of Constantine, was killed. The city of Constantinople fell from Christian rule and was renamed Istanbul. The Hagia Sophia was turned into a mosque. Spice prices soared in Europe. Nicolo Barbaro wrote his "Diary of the Siege of Constantinople." Manuel Chrysophes, court musician to Constantine XI, wrote a threnody for the fall of Constantinople. In 2005 Roger Crowley authored “1453 The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West.” Links: Turkey, Byzantium, Romans, Islam
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1502 Feb 12 |
Isabella issued a royal order giving all remaining Moors in the realms of Castile the choice between baptism and expulsion. Links: Spain, Islam, Religion
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1609 Apr 9 |
Spain’s King Philip III decreed the expulsion of the Moriscos, descendants of the Muslim population that converted to Christianity under threat of exile from Ferdinand and Isabella in 1502. Links: Spain, Islam
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1703 |
Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (d.1792), Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism, was born in Arabia. He set out his ideas in “The Book of Unity” (1736). Wahhabism, a puritan branch of Sunni Islam, was founded by al-Wahhab in a poor part of Arabia called Najd. Saudi armies helped to spread Wahhabi Islamic reform. A Salafi, from the Arabic word Salaf (literally meaning predecessors or early generations), is an adherent of a contemporary movement in Sunni Islam that is sometimes called Salafism or Wahhabism. Salafis themselves insist that their beliefs are simply pure Islam as practiced by the first three generations of Muslims and that they should not be regarded as a sect. [see 1744] Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam
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1741 |
Voltaire (1694-1778), French playwright, wrote the play “Fanaticism, or Mahomet the Prophet.” He used the founder of Islam to lampoon all forms of religious frenzy and intolerance. Links: France, Islam, Playwright, Religion
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1791 |
Wahid Bihbihani (b.~1704), Shiite scholar and founder of the most dominant form of Shiism, died about this time in Karbala (Iraq). He revived and refashioned the waning Usuli school of Shiism. Links: Iraq, , Arab, Islam
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1815 |
Sant’ Antioco, Sardinia, was the site of the last big Moorish raid on Italy. More than a hundred Sardinians were seized as slaves. Links: Italy, Sardinia, Islam, Slavery
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1831 |
Sayyid Ahmad of Rai Bareilly (b.1786), Islamic warrior, died in a battle against the Sikhs. Sayeed Ahmad Shaheed was slain in Balakot (later part of Pakistan) while failing to repel Sikh invaders. Links: India, Pakistan, Islam
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1837 |
Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi (1787-1860), an Algeria-born mendicant founded the Sanusi, a Sufi order, in Mecca. Beida, Libya, later became the seat of the Sanusi. Links: Saudi Arabia, Islam, Sufi
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1837 |
Ahmad Ibn Idris (b.1760), Sufi scholar active in Morocco, the Hejaz, Egypt, and Yemen, died in Sabya, Yemen, later part of Saudi Arabia. His main concern was the revivification of the sunna or practice of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Links: Yemen, Arab, Islam
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1843 |
Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi returned to North Africa from Mecca, settling in Jabal Akhdar in Cyrenaica (Libya). In the mountainous fastness of the area he founded a center of operations at al-Beida with the organization of the al-Sanusi Sufi lodge and built the Zawiya al-Baida (White Monastery). Links: Libya, Islam, Sufi
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1856 Jun 14 |
Ahmad Raza Khan was born in Bareilly, Rohilkhand, British India, a city now in Uttar Pradesh, India. He later founded the Barelvi tradition of Islam. Deobandis and Barelvis are the two major groups of Muslims in the Subcontinent apart from the Shia. Barelvi Hanafis deem Deobandis to be kaafir. Those hostile to the Barelvis deprecated them as the shrine-worshipping, the grave-worshiping, ignorant Barelvis. Links: India, Islam, Religion
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1866 |
In northern India an Islamic place of learning was founded in Deoband. The school set austere roles for personal behavior and led to offshoots such as the Tablighi Jama’at and the Taliban. Links: India, Islam, Religion
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1866 |
In India Mohammed Qasim Nanautawi founded the Darul Uloom school of Islam in Deoband to preserve Islamic culture in India. The school set austere roles for personal behavior and led to offshoots such as the Tablighi Jama’at and the Taliban. Links: India, Islam
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1869 1899 |
In 2007 Dominic Green authored “Armies of God: Islam and the Empire on the Nile, 1869-1899 – The First Jihad of the Modern Era.” Links: Egypt, Sudan, Islam
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