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Spain
Spain
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1963 Oct 8 |
Remedios Varo (b.1908), Spanish-born surrealist painter, died in Mexico. Walter Gruen, her 11-year lover and promoter, collected her work and in 1987 attempted to get copyright protection. A Mexican judge denied his request due to Varo’s failure to get a formal divorce from French poet Benjamin Peret. In 1999 the Mexican government tried to seize the paintings on behalf of Mexico but faced a claim by next of kin niece Beatriz Varo. By 2005 Mr. Gruen agreed to give his entire collection to the Mexican government if it gets named after his deceased daughter. Links: Artist, Spain, Mexico 
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1967 Jan 4 |
Mohamed Khider (b.1912), Algerian politician and a leading figure in the FLN, was assassinated in Madrid, Spain. Links: Algeria, Spain, Assassin
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1968 Mar 3 |
The embassies of Greece, Portugal and Spain were bombed in the Hague. Links: Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, Greece
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1968 May 5 |
Spain closed its frontier with Gibraltar. This Followed a referendum in which Gibraltar's voters were asked whether they wished to become part of Spain and voted with a re-sounding no vote. Links: Spain, Gibraltar
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1968 Jun 7 |
In Spain ETA, a Basque Homeland and Freedom separatist group, shot and killed Civil Guard Jose Pardines Arcay at a checkpoint. This marked ETA’s 1st killing as it began fighting for independence. Its political wing was Herri Batasuna. Links: Spain, ETA
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1968 Oct 12 |
Eq. Guinea gained Independence was from Spain. Eq. Guinea consists of two geographic entities: the mainland of Rio Muni and the island of Bioko, formerly Fernando Poo. Francisco Macias became the 1st president and proclaimed himself God’s "unique miracle." He drove the economy into the ground and over a third of the population went into exile. Links: Spain, Equatorial Guinea
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1968 |
James Michener (1907-1997), American author, wrote his travel book "Iberia," a detailed and illustrated exploration of Spain at it was during the mid 1960s. Links: Spain, USA, Writer
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1968 |
Jerome Mintz (d.1997 at 67), US anthropologist, published "The Anarchists of Casa Viejas," an account and oral history of the 1933 Spanish uprising. Links: Spain, USA, Books, Anthropology
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1968 |
In Spain the ETA, Basque Homeland and Freedom, a Basque separatist group, began fighting for independence. Its political wing was Herri Batasuna. Links: Spain, Basques, ETA
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1969 Jan 4 |
Spain returned the Ifni province to Morocco. Links: Spain, Morocco
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1969 Jan 23 |
Gregorio Ordonez, deputy mayor of San Sebastian, Spain, was assassinated by an ETA terrorist. Links: Spain, ETA
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1969 Jun 4 |
Armando Socarras Ramirez (22) sneaked into wheel pod of a jet parked in Havana & survived a 9-hr flight to Spain despite thin oxygen levels at 29,000 ft. Links: Spain, Cuba, Aviation
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1969 Jun 6 |
Gen. Franco closed the Gibraltar border with Spain. It stayed closed for 16 years. This effectively starved Gibraltar of workers while depriving some 9,000 former workers of much-needed jobs and of a right to claim pensions. The frontier was not fully reopened until 1985. Links: Spain, Gibraltar
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1969 Jun |
A block of flats near Segovia, Spain, collapsed killing 58 people. Developer Jesus Gil y Gil (1933-2004) was jailed for 5 years for criminal negligence, but was pardoned after 18 months. Links: Spain
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1969 Jul 22 |
Spain’s dictator Francisco Franco appointed Prince Juan Carlos de Borbon y Borbon as official successor to the position of Head of State. Links: Spain
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1969 |
The International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas entered into force. ICCAT, with headquarters based in Madrid, Spain, was established at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries, which prepared and adopted the convention, signed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1966. Links: Spain, Fish
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1970 Jul 3 |
A British Dan-Air charter, flying a Comet 4 turbojet, crashed near Barcelona and 112 were killed. Links: Spain, Britain, Air Crash
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1972 Nov 17 |
Juan Peron (1895-1974) returned to Argentina from Spain for a short time after 17 years of exile. Links: Argentina, Spain
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1972 |
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) drew his chilling crayon self-portrait as a skull. Links: Artist, Spain
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1973 Apr 8 |
Pablo Picasso (b.1881), Spanish artist, died at his home near Mougins, France, at age 91. He left some 50,000 works that included 1,885 paintings, 1,228 sculptures, 2,880 ceramics, 18,095 engravings, 6,112 lithographs, 3,181 linocuts, 7,089 drawings plus 4,669 drawings and sketches in 149 notebooks, 11 tapestries and 8 rugs. Two books of a planned 4-volume biography were published by John Richardson, who then interrupted the series in 2000 with "The Sorcerer’s Apprentice: Picasso, Provence, and Douglas Cooper." Picasso’s estate owed so much in death duties that many of his works fell into government hands. In 2007 John Richardson authored “A Life of Picasso: The Triumphant Years, 1917-1932.” Links: Artist, Spain, France
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1973 Aug 6 |
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldivar (b.1901), former dictator Cuba (1940-58), died in Spain. Links: Spain, Cuba
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1973 Oct 22 |
Pablo Casals (96), Spanish cellist, conductor and composer died in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico. Links: Spain, Composer, Puerto Rico
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1973 Dec 20 |
ETA killed PM Adm. Luis Carrero Blanco with a bomb in Madrid. Links: Spain, ETA
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1974 Jul 19 |
In the Philippines a Miss Universe beauty pageant was held and thousands of squatters around Manila were forcibly moved out of sight. Amparo Munoz of Spain won. Links: Spain, Philippines, Pageant
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1974 Sep 12 |
In its 1st major attack ETA killed 12 people with a bomb at a Madrid cafe. Links: Spain, ETA
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1974 |
A Spanish census was conducted in Western Sahara. Links: Spain, Western Sahara, Census
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1975 May |
Spain moved out of Spanish Sahara and the native Sahrawi called for independence. Both Morocco and Mauritania laid claim to Spanish Sahara (Western Sahara) following Spain’s withdrawal. The Polisario Front, an armed nationalist movement, sought to turn Western Sahara into an independent state for its largely nomadic people. Links: Spain, Morocco, Mauritania, Western Sahara
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1975 Oct 30 |
Juan Carlos (37) assumed power in Spain after General Franco, near death, gave him control. Links: Spain
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1975 Nov 20 |
After nearly four decades of absolute rule (1936-1975), Spain's General Francisco Franco died, two weeks before his 83rd birthday. Juan Carlos, grandson of King Alfonso, was his designated successor and the monarchy was restored. In 2002 Gabrielle Ashford Hodges authored "Franco: A Concise Biography." Links: Spain, Biography
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1975 Nov 22 |
Juan Carlos was proclaimed king of Spain. Links: Spain
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1975 |
Spain created the Cervantes Prize, the Spanish speaking world’s highest literary prize. Links: Spain
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1976 Jul 14 |
Carmelo Soria (b.1921), a Spanish UN official in Chile, was abducted. His corpse found two days later in a car sunk in the Canal del Carmen in the Piramide sector of Santiago de Chile. He was assassinated by Chile's DINA agents as a part of Operation Condor. Soria was first detained in the Vía Naranja house in the sector of Lo Curro, shared by DINA agent Michael Townley. Links: Chile, Spain, USA, Murder
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1976 Sep 8 |
Joaquin Zamacois Soler (b,1894), Spanish composer, died. Links: Spain, Composer
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1976 Nov 18 |
Spain's parliament approved a bill to establish a democracy after 37 years of dictatorship. Links: Spain
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1976 Dec 11 |
Hungarian art forger Elmyr de Hory (b.1906) died of a lethal overdose of barbiturates in Ibiza, Spain. The 1969 book "Fake" by Clifford Irving was about De Hory and both Irving and de Hory were featured in the 1975 Orson Welles film "F" for Fake. Links: Artist, Spain, Fraud
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1976 |
A statue of Spain’s King Carlos III, who ordered Juan Bautista de Anza to explore California in 1775, was given to SF from the Spain’s King Juan Carlos as a bicentennial gift. Links: Spain, USA, SF
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1976 |
Four members of a Spanish family were killed in Rosario, Argentina. Pres. Gen’l. Leopoldo Galtieri was later accused of being responsible by a Spanish court. In 1999 Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzon named former Argentine Pres. Leopoldo Galtieri in an indictment along with 95 other military officers, who presided over the "Dirty War" (1976-1983). Links: Argentina, Spain
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1976 |
Rabbits were imported to Iceland from Spain about this time. Some were later released into the wild and began to compete with the native puffin birds, which breed in burrows. Links: Spain, Iceland, Animal
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1977 Jun 15 |
The first general election in Spain since 1936 resulted in victory for the UCD (Union of Democratic Centre). Links: Spain
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1977 Oct 14 |
Bing Crosby (b.1903), singer and actor, died on a golf course outside Madrid at age 74. In 2001 Gary Giddins authored "Bing Crosby: A Pocketful of Dreams: The Early Years: 1903-1940." Links: Spain, USA, Pop&Rock, Film Star
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1977 |
Vicente Aleixandre (1898-1984), Spanish poet, won the Nobel Prize in Literature. Links: Spain, Poet, Nobel Prize
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1977 |
Spain began experiencing a banking crises. Links: Spain, Banking
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1978 May 4 |
The Hispanic ethnic group was created when the US Office of Management and Budget published the following regulation in the Federal Register: "Directive 15: Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting" that defined a Hispanic to be "a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Central or South American, or other Spanish culture … In 1981 a US federal law stated that Spaniards are part of the Hispanic group. Links: Spain, USA, Sociology, Language
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1978 Jul 11 |
In Spain 216 people were killed at a camping site when a tanker truck overfilled with propylene gas exploded on a coastal highway south of Tarragona. Links: Spain, Tragedy, Fire
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1978 Oct 18 |
Jaume Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernandez (b.1914), aka Jacques Mornard, Spanish Communist and murderer of Leon Trotsky, died in Cuba. Declassified archives showed that he was a Soviet agent. In 1940 Mercader fatally wounded Trotsky with an ice axe in his study at his home in Coyoacan, then a village on the southern fringes of Mexico City. Links: Russia, Spain, Mexico, USSR
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1978 Dec 27 |
King Juan Carlos ratified Spain's 1st democratic constitution. A parliamentary monarchy was established with power in the hands of the legislative branch. Many powers centralized under Franco were devolved to the 17 autonomous regions. Manuel Fraga (1922-2012) helped write the country's post-Franco, democratic Constitution. Links: Spain
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1979 Jun 28 |
Philippe Cousteau (b.1940), the youngest son of Jacques Cousteau, was killed while testing a seaplane near Lisbon. Links: Spain, France, Aviation
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1979 |
In Spain Pilar Miro, film director, made "The Cuenca Crime," an expose of Civil Guard torture with graphic violence. It was censored. Links: Spain
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1980 Jan 31 |
In Guatemala the Spanish Embassy was attacked and 37 people were killed. The dead included the father of Rigoberta Menchu, who later filed charges in Spain against Rios Montt, 5 Guatemalan generals and 2 civilians for war crimes. Peasant, labor and student activists had taken over the Spanish Embassy in Guatemala City to protest the rule of Pres. Lucas Garcia (1925-2006). Links: Guatemala, Spain
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1980 Mar 31 |
In Spain the first session of the Basque parliament was held in Guernica. Links: Spain, Basques
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1980 Jul 16 |
Juan Antonio Samaranch (b.1920) of Spain was elected president of the Int’l. Olympic Committee (IOC). His reign lasted 21 years. Links: Spain, Olympics
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1980 Aug 29 |
Louis Darquier de Pellepoix (real name Louis Darquier), born in Cahors, France, on December 19, 1897, died near Malaga (Spain). He was commissioner to Jewish questions under the Vichy Régime from 1942-1944. In 2006 Carmen Callil authored “A Forgotten History of Family, Fatherland and Vichy, France.” Links: Spain, France, Jews
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1980 |
The Italian film "Ogro was directed by Gillo Pontecorvo (1919-2006). It was set in Spain in the years of dictator Francisco Franco. This was Pontecorvo’s last film. Links: Italy, Spain, Film
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1980 |
In Spain ETA had its bloodiest year with 91 victims, nearly half of them civilians. Links: Spain, ETA
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1981 Feb 23 |
An attempted coup began in Spain as 200 members of the Civil Guard and some of the military invaded the Parliament, taking lawmakers hostage. The attempt, led by Colonel Antonio Tejero, collapsed 18 hours later. Juan Carlos spoke to the nation on behalf of democracy and the coup collapsed. In 2011 Javier Cercas authored “The Anatomy of a Moment: Thirty-Five minutes in History and Imagination,” an examination of the coup attempt. Links: Spain
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1981 Jul 10 |
Isabel Peron, ex-president of Argentina, flew in exile to Spain after being paroled following conviction for corrupt practices. Links: Argentina, Spain, Govm’t Scandal
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1981 Sep 10 |
Pablo Picasso’s painting Guernica was returned to Spain and installed in Madrid’s Prado Museum. Picasso had stated in his will that the painting was not to return to Spain until the Fascists lost power and democracy was restored. Links: Artist, Spain, Museums
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1981 |
In Spain adulterated cooking oil killed 500 [435] people and more than 20,000 [30,000] remained disabled in 1996. In the original 1989 trial 13 merchants were convicted and sentenced to prison. They were also ordered to compensate the victims but declared bankruptcy. Miguel Hernandez Bolanos, director of the Central Customs Laboratory, was found guilty in 1996 of negligence for having written a favorable report for the industrial oil sold as cooking oil. In 1997 Federico Povedano Alonso, a former official in charge of agricultural imports, was also found guilty. Both men received 6-year suspended sentences. Links: Spain, Food
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1982 May 30 |
Spain became NATO's 16th member, the first country to enter the Western alliance since West Germany in 1955. Links: Spain, NATO
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1982 Oct 28 |
The Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party won the elections and Felipe Gonzalez (b.1942) became prime minister. He served 4 successive mandates and stepped down as head of the party in 1997. Links: Spain
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