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Psychology
Psychology
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1869 |
Francis Galton, British psychologist, authored “Hereditary Genius,” in which he argued that natural abilities are derived by inheritance. Links: Britain, Psychology, Books 
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1880 |
In Austria Dr. Josef Breuer (1842-1925) found his patient Bertha Pappenheim (aka Anna O), an hysteric woman, was relieved of symptoms after he had induced her to recall unpleasant past experiences under hypnosis. His talk therapy involved some 1,000 hours of treatment. The case introduced Freud to the cathartic method, the “talking cure,” pivotal in his later work. Links: Austria, Psychology
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1897 Mar 24 |
Wilhelm Reich (d.1957), Austrian-US psychoanalyst (character analysis), was born. In 1999 Farrar, Straus & Giroux published: "American Odyssey: Letters and Journals 1940-1947." Links: Austria, Psychology
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1900 |
Freud published his “Interpretation of Dreams.” Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1901 |
Freud published his “Psychopathology of Everyday Life.” Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1905 |
Sigmund Freud authored "Three Contributions to the Theology of Sexuality." It misinformed generations about the nature of the female orgasm. Links: Sex, Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1910 Aug 26 |
William James (b.1842), American psychologist and philosopher, died. His work included “the Principles of Psychology” (1890) and “The Varieties of Religious Experience” (1902). William James was the older brother of novelist Henry James. In 2006 Robert D. Richardson authored the biography: “William James.” Links: USA, Philosophy, Psychology
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1912 |
Sigmund Freud authored "Totem and Taboo." Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1920 |
Sigmund Freud authored "Beyond the Pleasure Principle." Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1923 Jan 4 |
Emile Coué (1857-1926), French pharmacist, arrived in NYC. Coue was a proponent of "auto-suggestion," and believed positive thinking could cure disease. He recommended chanting "every day, in every way, I'm getting better and better." Links: USA, France, NYC, Psychology
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1926 Jul 2 |
Emile Coue (b.1857 as Émile Coué de Châtaigneraie ), French psychologist and pharmacist, died. He introduced a method of psychotherapy and self-improvement based on optimistic autosuggestion. Working as an apothecary at Troyes from 1882 to 1910, Coué discovered what later came to be known as the placebo effect. He became known for reassuring his clients by praising each remedy's efficiency and leaving a small positive notice with each given medication. Links: France, Medical, Pharma, Psychology
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1926 |
Sigmund Freud authored "Inhibitions, Symptoms, Anxiety." Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1930 |
Freud published his "Civilization and Its Discontents." Here he developed his ideas of 1915 and added that men are: "on the contrary, creatures among whose instinctual endowments is to be reckoned a powerful share of aggressiveness. Homo homini lupus (Man is a wolf to man). Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1939 Sep 23 |
Sigmund Freud (b.1856), founder of psychoanalysis, died in London. He had escaped from Vienna in 1938. His work “Moses and Monotheism” was published this year. Freud was nominated for the Nobel Medicine Prize for the first time in 1915 by US neurologist William Alanson White, and went on to be nominated for a Nobel a total of 13 times until 1938. In 1986 Frederick Crews, a skeptic on Freud's work, published "Skeptical Engagements." Crews also published "The memory wars: Freud's Legacy in dispute" and "Unauthorized Freud: Doubters Confront a Legend." Freud's last days were dramatized in 1999 by Terry Johnson in the play "Hysteria." Links: Britain, Writer, Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1940 |
The misleadingly titled "An Outline of Psychoanalysis" by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was published posthumously. Links: Psychology, Psychiatry, Books
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1943 |
Abraham Maslow, American behavioral scientist, published an article entitled “A Theory of Human Motivation,” in which he argued that people everywhere are subject to what he called a “hierarchy of needs.” Links: USA, Psychology
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1947 |
Psychologist Theodore Sarbin suggested to a medical conference that medicine would benefit if the doctor could be replaced by a machine programmed to make judgments about the best treatment for a patient. He suggested using a Hollerith machine, an IBM computer of this time. Links: USA, Medical, Computer, Psychology
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1948 |
The US government launched a heart study in Framingham, Mass., amid an epidemic of heart disease, to compile reams of health data on a group of people in their 30s, 40s and 50s, and hope that over time links would emerge between their lifestyles and heart health. Discoveries by the long term study included: Cigarette smoking, high blood pressure and high cholesterol and diabetes raise the risk of heart disease, and physical exercise lowers the risk. In 2009 researchers reported that the data showed that loneliness spreads very much like a communicable disease. Links: USA, Medical, Smoking, Psychology, Heart
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1952 |
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961), Swiss-born psychoanalyst, published his work “Answers to Job.” Links: Writer, Psychology
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1953 |
Donald Ewen Cameron (1901-1967), professor of neurology and psychology at Albany State Medical School, developed what he called "psychic driving". He developed the theory that mental patients could be cured by treatment that erased existing memories and by rebuilding the psyche completely. Links: USA, New York, Brain, Psychology
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1954 |
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961), Swiss-born psychoanalyst, published his work “Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious.” Links: Writer, Psychology
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1955 |
George Kelly (1905-1967) expounded a constructivist system of psychology in his two-volume work: “Principles of Personal Construct Psychology.” Kelly's fundamental postulate for personal construct psychology was that: A person's processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which he anticipates events. Links: USA, Psychology
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1955 1965 |
In San Francisco the house at 225 Chestnut St. was used by the CIA as part of a top secret mind-control program. In “Operation Midnight Climax” CIA agents used hookers to lure johns from North Beach bars to the house and then dosed them with LSD and observed the proceedings through a two-way mirror. Links: USA, SF, Sex, CIA, Drugs, Psychology
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1957 Nov 3 |
Wilhelm Reich (b.1897), Austria-born psychoanalyst, died in the US. His work was based on the sexual energy in people that he called "Orgone." In 1999 Farrar, Straus & Giroux published: "American Odyssey: Letters and Journals 1940-1947." Links: Austria, USA, Psychology
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1957 |
Leon Festinger authored “A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance.” The basic idea behind cognitive dissonance theory is that people do not like to have dissonant cognitions. As a result, when someone does experience two or more dissonant cognitions (or conflicting thoughts), they will attempt to do away with the dissonance. Links: USA, Psychology
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1957 |
Carl G. Jung (1875-1961), Swiss-born psychoanalyst, published his work “Memories, Dreams, Reflections.” Links: Writer, Psychology
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1959 |
Dr. Allen Wheelis (1916-2007, SF Bay Area psychologist, authored his 1st book: “The Quest for Identity.” He went on to write 13 more books including novels. Links: USA, Psychology, SF Bay Area
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1960 |
Stanley Milgram began experiments at Yale Univ. on the psychology of torture. His groundbreaking article “Behavioral Study of Obedience,” was published on Oct 15, 1963, in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. His experiments created a paradigm for considering how cruel people can be when they are “only obeying orders.” In 2004 Thomas Blass authored “The Man Who Shocked the World: The Life and Legacy of Stanley Milgram.” Links: USA, Psychology, Connecticut, Sociology
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1960 |
Ernest Dichter (1907-1991), Viennese psychologist, authored “The Strategy of Desire.” He had arrived in America in the 1930s and spun his insights on human instincts into a million-dollar business. He is often considered to be the "father of motivational research." Links: USA, Psychology, Books, Advertising
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1961 Jun 6 |
Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung (b.1875), one of the founders of modern psychiatry, died in Zurich. “As far as we can discern, the sole purpose of human existence is to kindle a light in the darkness of mere being.” In 1997 Richard Noll published "The Aryan Christ: The Secret Life of Carl Jung." Frank McLynn published "Carl Gustav Jung, A Biography." In 2003 Deirdre Bair authored "Jung: A Biography." In 2004 Sonu Shamdasani authored “Jung and the Making of Modern Psychology.” In 2009 “The Red Book” was published. It was edited by Sonu Shamdasani and duplicated Jung’s original manuscript, which he worked on from 1914 to 1930. Links: Switzerland, Quote, Psychology, Psychiatry
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1963 Oct 15 |
Stanley Milgram of Yale Univ. published his groundbreaking article “Behavioral Study of Obedience” in the Journal of Abnormal Psychology. His experiments, begun in 1960, created a paradigm for considering how cruel people can be when they are obeying orders. Links: USA, Psychology, Connecticut, Sociology
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1963 |
William McPhee authored “Formal Theories of Mass Behaviour.” Links: USA, Psychology, Sociology
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1964 |
Ralph Metzner (1936-2019), German-born American psychologist, authored "The Psychedelic Experience" co-written with Richard Alpert and Timothy Leary. Links: USA, Drugs, Psychology, Books
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1965 |
Martin Seligman, psychologist, conducted experiments with dogs subjected to electric shock and found that they “learned helplessness” when unable to escape shocks. Links: Animal, Psychology
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1967 |
Donald Ewen Cameron (b.1901), Scottish-born professor of neurology and psychology, died. After WWII Cameron worked at the Albany State Medical School. Cameron developed the theory that mental patients could be cured by treatment that erased existing memories and by rebuilding the psyche completely. Links: USA, New York, Brain, Psychology
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1968 |
The Association of Black Psychologists was founded. Links: USA, Black History, Psychology
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1968 |
Dr. Kurt Freund (1914-1996), psychiatrist, left Czechoslovakia after the failure of the revolt and moved to Canada. He had developed a way to measure penile response to erotic stimulation with a phallometric device. Links: Canada, Czechoslovakia, Sex, Psychology
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1969 Feb 26 |
Karl Jaspers (b.1883), German psychiatrist, philosopher, died. Links: Germany, Philosophy, Psychology
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1969 |
Joan Erikson (1902-1997), psychologist, wrote "The Universal Bead." Links: USA, Psychology, Books
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1970 |
Dr. Arthur Janov (1924-2017) authored his int’l. bestseller “The Primal Scream,” a book that revolutionized the world of psychotherapy. Links: USA, Psychology, Books
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1971 Aug 14 |
Philip Zimbardo, a Stanford Univ. psychologist, began his Stanford Prison Experiment. He had recruited 24 students and randomly divided them into guards and prisoners in a simulated prison environment on campus. The experiment ended after six days. A film dramatizing the experiment opened in 2015. Links: USA, Psychology, SF Bay Area
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1971 Oct |
In San Francisco Werner Erhard (b.1935 as born John Paul Rosenberg) hosted his first est courses at the Jack Tar Hotel. The purpose of est was to allow participants to achieve, in a very brief time, a sense of personal transformation and enhanced power. Links: USA, SF, Psychology
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1971 |
Wayne Oates (1917-1999), American psychologist and religious educator, authored "Confessions of a Workaholic: The Facts About Work Addiction." Prof. Oates coined the term workaholic. Links: USA, Labor, Psychology, Books
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1971 |
Stanford Prof. Philip Zimbardo conducted a psychology experiment that randomly assigned college-age men to roles as prisoners and guards. The experiment turned into a nightmare and was soon called off. In 2007 Zimbardo authored “The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil.” Links: Psychology, SF Bay Area
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1971 |
Muriel James (1917-2018), self-help therapist, and Dorothy Jongeward authored the best-seller “Born to Win: Transactional Analysis With Gestalt Experiments.” Links: USA, Writer, Psychology, Books
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1973 |
Mildred R. Newman (1920-2001) and her husband, Dr. Bernard Berkowitz, authored "How to Be Your Best Friend." Links: USA, NYC, Writer, Psychology
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1973 |
Dr. June Singer (d.2004) authored "Boundaries of the Soul: The Practice of Jung's Psychology." Links: USA, Writer, Psychology, Books
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1974 Feb 3 |
Charlotte Buehler (b.1893), German developmental psychologist, died in Stuttgart. Her work in Vienna helped develop response testing techniques to calibrate child development. Links: Austria, Germany, Psychology, Kids
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1974 |
Eleanor Maccoby (1917-2018), Stanford psychologist, authored "The Psychology of Sex Differences." Links: USA, Sex, Psychology, Books
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1975 Oct 10 |
August Dvorak (b.1894), educational psychologist, died. In the 1930s he and his brother-in-law, Dr. William Dealey, designed a keyboard layout that was much superior to the QWERTY keyboard. Links: USA, Psychology, Inventor
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1976 |
Joan Erikson, psychologist, wrote "Activity, Recovery and Growth." She underscored the benefits of occupational therapy. Links: USA, Psychology, Books
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1978 |
Ernest Hilgard (d.2001 at 97), Stanford psychologist, authored "Psychology in America: A Historical Survey." Hilgard was also a pioneer in the scientific study of hypnosis. Links: USA, Psychology
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1978 |
Bernie Zilbergeld (d.2002), psychologist, authored "Male Sexuality." In 1999 it was updated and published as "The New Male Sexuality." Links: Sex, Psychology, Books
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1980 Sep 16 |
Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist, theorist and educator, died at 84. Links: Switzerland, Psychology
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1981 Dec 6 |
Harry Harlow (b.1905), psychologist, died. He spent his entire professional career teaching at the University of Wisconsin from 1930-1974. His focus of research was on the learning abilities in primates and he observed the phenomenon of 'learning to learn.' His work with infant monkeys and their surrogate mothers (terrycloth dummies) demonstrated the importance of bonding between primate mothers and infants for emotional health and growth. In 2003 Deborah Blum authored "Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection." Links: USA, Wisconsin, Psychology, Sociology, Primates
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1981 |
Jane Nelson, a family councilor and child-care guru, self-published “Positive Discipline.” Links: USA, Psychology, Books
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1982 |
Carol Gilligan, Harvard psychologist, authored "In a Different Voice," a study of the social development of girls. Links: USA, Women, Psychology, Books
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1982 |
Psychologists Daniel Kahneman, Paul Slovic and Amos Tversky authored “Judgment Under Uncertainty,” revealing many of the hard-wired flaws that shape human behavior. Kahneman and Tversky were later hailed as the fathers of behavioral economics. Links: USA, Psychology, Books
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1983 1988 |
Sigmund Koch (1917-1996), psychologist and philosopher, compiled a film archive at Boston Univ. of 17 videotapes of interviews with artists from various fields. Included were Saul Bellow, Toni Morrison, Edward Albee , Arthur Miller and others. Links: USA, Philosophy, Massachusetts, Psychology, Film
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1985 |
Ronald Hoeflin founded the Mega Society, an organization whose members purport to have an IQ of at least 176. The organization was in violation of a California code, section 2903 of the state Business and Professions Code, that requires a psychology license to construct, administer and interpret tests of mental abilities. Links: USA, California, Brain, Psychology
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